Neutralizing the Virus SARS-CoV-2 infects cells by binding its spike protein to ACE2 receptors. Researchers have engineered exosomes to outcompete the virus: ACE2-Decoy Exosomes: Circulating exosomes expressing ACE2 capture viral particles, preventing cellular entry . Spike-Protein Display: Lung-derived exosomes conjugated Read more…

Diagnostic Dilemmas in Co-Endemic Regions In areas where dengue and COVID-19 overlap, false positives could lead to misdiagnosis, wasted resources, and unnecessary anxiety. For example, a patient with dengue might be incorrectly isolated for COVID-19, delaying proper treatment . Vaccine Read more…

Type-1 T Cells: The Frontline Soldiers Type-1 T cells (Th1) are critical for combating intracellular pathogens like Histoplasma. They produce IFN-γ, a cytokine that activates macrophages to destroy fungal cells . IL-4 and IL-10: The Conductors of Suppression IL-4: Traditionally Read more…

Beyond Infection Control: Anti-Inflammatory and Vasomodulatory Effects Antibiotics like tetracyclines and macrolides possess intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties. They: Reduce leukocyte recruitment to inflamed tissues, limiting collateral damage . Modulate cytokine production (e.g., suppressing TNF-α and IL-6) . Enhance microvascular perfusion by Read more…

The Humoral Immune System: Antibodies in Action The humoral response involves B cells producing antibodies (like IgE) to neutralize pathogens. However, dysregulated IgE can overreact to harmless allergens (e.g., pollen, dust mites), causing allergies. CD23: A Double-Edged Sword in IgE Read more…

PPE as a Lifeline PPE—including N95 masks, gloves, gowns, and face shields—was critical for reducing viral exposure. Studies showed HCWs without adequate PPE faced a 12-fold higher risk of COVID-19 infection compared to the general population . In Colombia, PPE Read more…

The Humoral Immune System: Antibodies in Action The humoral response involves B cells producing antibodies (like IgE) to neutralize pathogens. However, dysregulated IgE can overreact to harmless allergens (e.g., pollen, dust mites), causing allergies. CD23: A Double-Edged Sword in IgE Read more…

PPE as a Lifeline PPE—including N95 masks, gloves, gowns, and face shields—was critical for reducing viral exposure. Studies showed HCWs without adequate PPE faced a 12-fold higher risk of COVID-19 infection compared to the general population . In Colombia, PPE Read more…

CRMO 101: The Basics of a Bone Mystery CRMO primarily targets children and adolescents, with girls twice as likely as boys to develop it . Key features include: Recurrent bone inflammation: Often symmetrical, affecting long bones, clavicles, or vertebrae. Non-suppurative Read more…

Healthcare-Related Exposures Unsafe Injections: 60% of HBV/HCV cases are linked to reused needles . Dental Procedures and Surgery: Poor sterilization practices increase transmission . Barber Practices: Circumcision and shaving by untrained barbers contribute to 20% of infections . Sociocultural Practices Read more…